Even though rituals often lack a clear causal link between an action and its goal, they tend to be perceived as causally effective due to their structural similarity to instrumental actions. Are these intuitions dependent on cultural representations of supernatural agents, or are they perceived as effective by themselves?
An experiment in which participants watched video clips of basketball players throwing the ball showed that ritualization—which players spontaneously perform prior to the throw—increases the expectation that it would be successful in the eyes of the observing participants. The results suggest that ritualization can influence the expectations about actions even outside of religious contexts. Moreover, the effect was observed both among participants that do not watch basketball games and participants that are basketball experts, suggesting that the effect of ritualization is judged via an intuitive and automatic heuristic.
You can find the article here:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010027721002420?dgcid=coauthor
In a paper published in Religion, Brain & Behavior, J. Nenadalová & D. Řezníček demonstrated that some study participants in a sensory-deprived laboratory environment sensed the presence of another person. This feeling was mostly associated with perceived uncertainty and only somewhat associated with psychological dispositions.
In a cross-national investigation published in the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, F. M. Saxler with LEVYNA’s E. Kundtová Klocová and other colleagues show that the COVID-19 pandemic affected young people’s normative beliefs about unpaid domestic work; and that this effect is stronger in countries with greater gender inequality.
